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Articles
& Thesis

QUANTUM PHYSICS IN
SEARCH OF THE DIVINE PARTICLE
Luís de Almeida *
«I confess after a careful and cautious reading of this work I
concluded that it was one of the best articles I had ever the pleasure
to read.
It seems to me the most erudite and informative work concerning the
relationship between Physics and Spiritism so far written in Portuguese
language. If translated into English it will undoubtedly be very much
appreciated, even by the most modern Physicists who divulge nowadays the
works concerning the relationship between Consciousness and the
Universe, glimpsed under Quantum and Relativistic Physics views. I cite
as examples the books of Michio Kaku (Hyperspace, ed. Rocco, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ) and Amit Goswami (The Self-Aware Universe, edit.
Rosa dos Tempos, Rio de Janeiro).»
Hernâni Guimarães
Andrade
Saying that we are living
in a material world nowadays is simply an expression, since we live in a
mainly energetic world, as pointed out by Albert Einstein in the distant
1921, by means of his well known equation E = mc², that became
E =
±
mc², given antimatter. We are getting today very important
confirmations on the part of contemporary Physicists on the discovery of
a consciousness, beyond the universe of particles.
THE UNIVERSE OF PARTICLES
Elementary particles are considered until now to be the following:
quarks, leptons and gluons (although, by my own reckoning, isolated
quarks does not have been “observed” yet).
These microparticles whose internal structure is based on bonded quarks
and/or antiquarks are called hadrons, which is the case for protons,
neutrons, the
p-meson
(and others) and their respective antiparticles.
Here arise two sub-families, that for the barions (particles made up of
three quarks, with the possibility of antiquarks too), and the mesons
(particles made up of two quarks – one quark and one antiquark).
Then, there is a family of true elementary particles, so judged until
now, the leptons. Make part in this family the electrons, the muon, the
t-particle
and neutrinos thereof, as well as all their antiparticles. The
difference between leptons, until now said to have mass, and neutrinos
is the absence of electric charge in the neutrinos and, possibly, their
extraordinarily low mass.
THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS OF THE UNIVERSE
To make part in the third actors group of the cosmic movies we have to
remember that Nature has four fundamental interactions among the
Universe’s constituent particles:
Gravitational interaction - interaction between bodies with mass;
Electromagnetic interaction - interaction between electric
charges in rest relatively to each other and between electric charges
moving with respect to each other;
Weak interaction - interaction between hadrons;
Strong interaction - interaction between quarks.
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For each interaction there
is a characteristic exchange particle, or intermediate, between the
interacting particles. Such particles are called gluons. Thus there are
specific gluons for each interaction:
Gravitational interaction - gravitons, not yet observed because
it is impossible to manufacture them on the Earth and very difficult to
detect them in the Universe;
Electromagnetic interaction - fotons;
Weak interaction - weak gluons;
Strong interaction -
strong gluons.
T he
majority of modern Physicists hope to find a single theory that
encompass the four elementary forces into one, that is, these four
elementary interactions being nothing more than different aspects of a
single force or interaction.
What in the end would be the cause of this effect? Would not it be the
“Thought” of the Creator of all the things? Well, let’s see it!
André Luiz, in Evolution in Two Worlds (11), tells us that «man
in the spiritual world will deal more directly with a live and multiform
fluid, vibrating and unstaunchable, (...) absorbed by human mind, in a
vital process akin to breath, by means of which the creature gets the
Force emanating from the Creator, dispersed throughout the Cosmos,
transubstantiating it under his own responsibility, to influence
Creation starting from himself. Such a fluid is his own continuous
thought, generating energetic possibilities (...)». We should not
misinterpret this with the classic definition of fluid.
We are facing the great understanding, yet incipient, of «God’s Thought
Mechanics», generator of all Creation in the convertion of “energetic
potentials”.
This elementary principle of all the others, as Allan Kardec (9)
transmits us, being the cause, the source, the principle, the true
matrix, is nothing less than “The Universal Cosmic Fluid”, that
Physicists hope to find, the synthesis of all the four Universal forces,
subject to only one law and to only one elementary particle. Allan
Kardec says us also that matter is made up of only one primeval element.
What are, finally, these four elementary forces else than derived from
the Universal Fluid, that is, the “Cosmic Fluid”, - “Divine plasma,
Creator’s breath, or nervous force of The All-Wisdom? Within this
primeval element vibrate and live Constellations, Suns, Worlds, and
Beings as fishes in the ocean”, as states André Luiz in Evolution in Two
Worlds
(11).
Let’s see The Spirits' Book (9) in question 36:
Does absolute vacuum exist somewhere in the universal Space?
“No, there is no vacuum. What seems to you emptiness is occupied by
matter that escapes your senses and instruments”.
Recently, modern Physicists are of the same opinion, contrary to
classical definition of “empty”, since the latter was understood as the
intergalactic, interplanetary, or interatomic space, where nothing
existed. Today, Physicists know that such space is filled with particles
and antiparticles, - energy, proving one of the definitions and
derivations of the Cosmic Fluid suggested by Allan Kardec 150 years ago,
that these four interactions populate our Universe, since they are the
Universal Cosmic Fluid in its multiple diversity.
WE LIVE IN THE ENERGY
REALM
Iniciemos então com o axioma de que “toda matéria é energia”. Isso é
facilmente visualizado na equação proposta por Einstein, onde: E = energia, m = massa e c2
= velocidade da luz ao
quadrado. Isto significa dizer que se acelerarmos um corpo de massa m
ao quadrado da velocidade da luz, então esse corpo se transformaria em
energia pura.
Se como vimos acima,
energia é matéria “acelerada”, a mesma equação nos permite dizer que
matéria é energia “coagulada”, de onde depreendemos que matéria e
energia são a mesma coisa em estados diferentes. A primeira com uma
energia potencial máxima ou quase, e a segunda com uma energia cinética
máxima ou quase.
Seja qual for o estado energético ou material, os dois são de entropia
positiva, o que significa que tendem a um dado momento tempo-espacial, a
se desorganizarem. Tanto é assim, que tudo o que percebemos e conhecemos
no nosso universo está em constante mutação.
Por outro lado, se analisarmos o “Modelo dos Domínios de Frequência
Tiller-Einstein do espaço-tempo”, onde o Dr. Willian Tiller da
Universidade de Stanford, USA, acrescentou à fórmula de Eisten a
constante de proporcionalidade de Einstein-Lorentz (Ö[1-v2/c2]),
teremos:
NEGATIVE SPACE-TIME –
THE SPIRITUAL WORLD
Physically, a particle accelerated up to the speed of light spends an
exponentially greater energy until an instant that a larger increase in
speed needs an astronomically huge amount of energy, when we use numbers
higher than the speed of light in Einstein-Lorenz’s equation.
Mathematician Dr. Charles
Muses that reaffirm the postulate validity call them hypernumbers.
Hypernumbers convey the speed effects of energies superior to that of
the light. Starting from his postulate, Muses made a graph where we have
a mirrored image:
Positive space-time matter can exist only below the speed of light, or
within the physical space-time universe. Negative space-time sphere is
made up of particles that move at speeds greater than that of light.
Such hypothetical particles were called Taquions.
We, thus, come to the conclusion that such a negative space-time
universe is the spiritual world universe, with negative mass and
negative entropy, where the disorganization degree tends to zero, in
other words non-mutable or eternal.
We know also that 90% of the matter within the Universe is not detected,
the so called “dark matter”.
The Spirits' Book (9) explains:
84. Do Spirits constitute a world apart, outside of that what we see?
- “Yes, the Spirits world, or of the noncorporeal intelligences.”
85. Which one of the two, the spiritual or the corporeal world is the
principal in the order of things?
“The spiritual world, that pre-exists and survives over everything.”
86. Could ever the corporeal world be inexistent, or has never existed,
without altering the spiritual world essence?
- “Of course. They are independent; however, correlation between them is
ceaseless, since one reacts continually over the other.”
At the “Introduction” in the same book in Chapter VI one reads Kardec:
«Let’s summarize in a few words the main doctrine points they have
transmitted us, in order to respond in an easier manner certain
objections.
“Material beings constitute the visible or corporeal world, and
imaterial beings the invisible or spiritual world, that is, of the
Spirits.”
“Spiritual world is the normal, primitive, eternal, and preexistent
world that survives over everything.”
“Corporeal world is secondary; it could cease to exist or have never
existed, without this altering the spiritual world essence.”
MODERN PHYSICS TAKES US
TO MEET THE SPIRIT AND GOD
Quantum Physics may constitute a bridge between Science and the
Spiritual world, because it can “reduce” matter out of the subjective
shape and within the abstract domain until consciousness - the cause of
“intellectuality” in matter. Consciousness transforms matter
possibilities into reality, transforming quantum possibilities into
actual facts. Such a consciousness shall present a unity and transcend
time, space, and matter. It is not something material; it is really the
base for all beings.
Lets remind the Professor from Lyon in The Spirits' Book (9):
23. What is the Spirit?
- “The intelligent principle of the Universe.”
a) - What is the Spirit’s intimate nature?
- “It is not easy to analyse the Spirit with your language. For you, it
is nothing because it is untouchable. For us, nevertheless, it is
something.”
So it is that theoretical Physicists take for granted the existence of a
“particle”, that would be the “fundamental” particle, not yet found,
which is called by Nobel Awarded Physicist Leon Lederman as the “divine
particle”. It is a decisive particle, since it determines the mass of
all the others, as well as cohesion given by gravity for the yet unknown
90 % of the Universe.
Let’s read Kardec in The Spirits' Book (9):
25. Is the Spirit independent from matter, or only one of its
properties, as are colours from light and sound from air?
- “They are distinct from each other; but the union of Spirit and matter
is needed to intellectualize matter.”
26. Is it conceivable Spirit without matter and matter without Spirit?
- “It is, no doubt, by thought.”
It should be recalled that Physicists, from the research of the American
Murray Gel Mann with particle accelerators, do admit the existence of an
external domain with respect to the so called material cosmic world
where probably there are active agents, known also as frameworkers, who
are able to actuate over the Universe’s energy, modulating it and given
it atomic particle shapes; that is, in other words, the Spirit, also
called “Structurator Agent” by several theoretical Physicists.
Let’s take again the Master from Lyon in The Spirits' Book (9):
76. Which definition can one give to the Spirits?
- “It may be said that Spirits are Creation’s intelligent beings. They
populate the Universe, apart from the material world.”
536. Are they of fortuitous causes or, on the contrary, do Nature’s
great phenomena have a providential purpose, those which are considered
to be the elements perturbation?
- “Everything has a reason to be the way we see and nothing happens
without God’s permission.”
b) – We conceive perfectly that God’s Will is the primary cause, in that
as in everything; however, knowing that Spirits do exert an action over
matter and that they are God’s Will agents, we ask if some amidst them
would not exert certain influence on the elements to agitate, calm or
direct them?
- “Evidently yes. It could not be else. God does not exert direct action
on matter. He has dedicated agents of all the orders within worlds
scale.”
SUPERSTRINGS THEORY AND
THE PSI DIMENSION
Another quantum theory which comes together with the existence of a
“conscious divine particle” at the end of the scale of subatomic
particles is the superstrings theory. This theory was perfected and is
supported by one of the most respected contemporary theoretical
Physicists, Edward Witten, Professor of the Princeton Institute for
Advanced Studies, in the U.S.A. In a very simple and brief way,
superstrings theory postulate that quarks, the most infinitesimal
subatomic particles known to date, would be bonded to each other by
means of “superstrings” that, according to their vibration, give one
specific “tone” to the atomic nucleus to which they belong, thus
producing the physicochemical qualities of such particle.
To try to imagine them is
like to try to conceive the mathematical point: it is impossible, yet.
Besides, they are imaginably tiny. For one to have a picture: Earth
planet is 1020 orders smaller than the Universe, and atomic nuclei are
1020 orders smaller than Earth; well, a superstring is 1020 orders
smaller than atomic nuclei.
Professor Rivail clarifies in The Spirits' Book (9):
30. Is matter made up of only one or several elements?
- “Of only one primeval element. The bodies that you consider to be
simple are not true elements, but transformations of the primitive
matter.”
Therefore, it is the vibration of these infinitesimal “strings” that
would be responsible for the characteristics of the atom to which they
belong. According to their vibration, the “strings” would give origin to
a hydrogen atom, a helium atom, and so on, which in turn give origin,
when aggregated in molecules, to specific compounds increasingly
complex, going into at least 11 dimensions.
Reinforces Allan Kardec in The Spirits' Book (9):
79. Because there are two general elements in the Universe, the
intelligent element and the material element, one can then states that
Spirits are made from the intelligent element, and inert bodies are made
from the material element?
- “Evidently. Spirits are the individualization of the intelligent
principle, and the bodies are the individualization of the material
principle.”
64. We have seen that Spirit and matter are two constitutive elements of
the Universe. Would the vital principle be a third?
- “It is, no doubt, one of the elements necessary to the Universe
composition, but that has also its origin in the modified universal
matter. For you it is an element, like oxygen and hydrogen, which
however are not primitive, since everything derives from only one
principle.”
This theory gives the conclusion that such a fundamental vibration tone
is set by something, or somebody, from whom we abstract “consciousness”
as the propelling factor of these quantum strings. Hence, this does take
us to think in a conscious unit vibrating from each object, from each
being.
Completes Kardec in The Spirits' Book (9):
615. Is God’s law eternal?
- “Eternal and immutable as God himself.”
621. Where is God’s law written?
- “In consciousness.”
Following this theory and together with the idea set by André Luiz in
Evolution in Two Worlds (11), where we are co-creators of
this universal consciousness, and more and more responsible to manage
the vibrational state of our own “strings” — the so called Psi dimension
by several Spiritist investigators —, in so far as much we be aware of
them we will reach perfect harmony when we really get tuned with the
generating consciousness within us, and in all, vulgarly known as God,
or as some theoretical Physicists state, the “Supreme Structurator
Agent”.
Let’s read the Codifier in The Spirits' Book (9):
5. What could one infer
from the instinctive feeling that every man has with himself about God’s
existence?
- “That God exists; if else, where would this feeling come from without
a basis? It is already a consequence of the principle that there is no
effect without a cause.”
7. Would it be possible to find out in the intimate properties of matter
the primary cause for the making off all things?
- “What would be, then, the cause of those properties? It is
indispensable always a primary cause.”
Let’s interpret in Genesis (10), Chapter II – The Providence:
20. - Providence is God’s care for His creatures. He is everywhere, sees
and looks after everything, even the tiniest things. That is the
providential action.
«How can God, so great, so powerful, so superior to everything, intrude
himself in such minute details, worry himself with the smallest actions
and the smallest thoughts of each person?» That is the question
skepticals ask themselves, saying in conclusion that assuming God’s
existence it is only possible to concede, concerning His action, that it
is exerted over the general laws of the Universe; that the Universe
works from eternity due to these laws, to which any creature is subject
within their field of activities without the need of Providence’s
continuous intervention.
This single consciousness of the quantum thinking transforms into two
elements: one objective and another subjective. The latter we call
quantum, universal, indivisible being. Individualization of such being
is the consequence of a conditioning. This quantum being is the way how
we think in God, who is the creating being within us.
Let’s turn back to the Genius of Lyon in Genesis (10),
Chapter II – The Providence
34. – Being God the divine essence by excellence, only those Spirits who
achieved the highest degree of dematerialization are able to be aware of
Him. Imperfect Spirits are not farther from Him than the others for
being incapable to see Him; these Spirits, as the others, as all
Nature’s beings, are immersed within the divine fluid the same way we
are within light.
Generally, we interpret God as something external only. We think of God
as a being detached from ourselves. That is the cause of the conflicts.
If God is within us too, we can change by our own will. But if we think
that He is only outside, than we think that only Him can change us and
we do not transform ourselves by means of our own will. We cannot
exclude our will, saying that everything happens according to God’s
wish. We shall recognize God within us, as stated 2000 years ago our
Sweet Friend. Then, we will be free.
Allan Kardec states in Genesis (10), Chapter II – The
Providence:
24. – (...) We find ourselves, then, constantly in the presence of the
Divinity; none of our actions can escape from His sight; our thought is
in constant touch with His thought, therefore it is reasonable to say
that God sees our heart’s depths. We are within Him as well as e his
within us, according to Christ’s word.
To extend His solicitude to all creatures it is not necessary for God to
cast his sight from the Heights of the immensity. Our prays do not have
to traverse the space to be heard by God, nor need them to be
thunderously spoken, because being constantly with us our thoghts bounce
on Him.
THE SPIRITS' BOOK: AN
UP-TO-DATE AND REFERENCE WORK
Physics continue to give Spiritism, although Physicists do not
notice, or better, do not want to notice yet, a huge contribution for
confirmation of the spiritists postulates, that we spiritists
unquestionably cannot underestimate. There is a spiritist science with a
scientific methodology, based on spiritual considerations, more than we
can imagine, and the proof for that is The Spirits' Book (9)
- an up-to-date work – a fountain for Modern Physics. Bringing us a new
basic concept on the macro and microscopic view of God (in defininf Him
as “the supreme intelligence, primary cause of all things”), Spirit and
Matter.
We conclude with Allan Kardec in The Spirits' Book (9)
summing up all this theory of Modern Physics, simply overwhelmingly,
believe it...:
27. Are there, thus, two general elements in the Universe: matter and
Spirit?
“Yes, and above all God, the creator, father of all things. God, spirit
and matter constitute the principle of everything, the universal
trinity. However, to the material element one has to join the universal
fluid, which plays an intermediary role between the Spirit and the
matter itself, too rough for the Spirit to exert a direct action on it.
Although, under a certain point of view, it is possible to classify the
universal fluid as a material element, it has distinctive special
properties. If the universal fluid could be positively matter, there is
also no reason for the Spirit not to be matter. It is put between the
Spirit and matter; it is fluid, as matter, and susceptible to produce,
due to the innumerable combinations with matter and under the action of
the Spirit, the infinite variety of things of which you know only a tiny
fraction. This universal, or primeval, or elementary fluid being the
agent for the Spirit to use, is the principle without which matter would
be in a perpetual state of division and would never acquire the
qualities that gravity gives it.”
* Luís de Almeida is a PhD
in astrophysics and cosmology and an ESA scientist.
_________
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Gradiva - 1990 - Portugal
(2) Greene, Brian In (THE ELEGANT UNIVERSE: Superstrings, Hidden
Dimensions, And The Quest For The Ultimate Theory) O UNIVERSO ELEGANTE - Edições Gradiva - 2000 -
Portugal
(3) Hawking, Stephen In (BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME, UPDATED AND EXPANDED
EDITION) BREVE HISTÓRIA DO TEMPO (Edição actualizada e
aumentada, comemorativa do 1º Aniversário) - Edições Gradiva - 2000 -
Portugal
(4) Hawking, Stephen In (THE END OF THE PHYSICS) O FIM DA FÍSICA - Edições Gradiva - 1994 -
Portugal
(5) Homepage,
CERN - EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH
(6) Homepage,
ESA - EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY
(7) Homepage,
FERMILAB - FERMI NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY
(8) Homepage,
NASA - NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION
(9) Kardec, Allan In (THE SPIRITS' BOOK) O LIVRO DOS ESPÍRITOS - Edições FEB 76ª edição
(10) Kardec, Allan In (GENESIS) A GÉNESE - Edições FEB 36ª edição
(11) Luiz, André In (EVOLUTION IN TWO WORLDS) EVOLUÇÃO EM DOIS MUNDOS - Edições FEB 12ª edição
(12) Reeves, Hubert In (THE FIRST SECOND) O PRIMEIRO SEGUNDO - Edições Gradiva - 1996 -
Portugal
(13) Sagan, Carl In (THE DEMON-HAUNTED WORLD: SCIENCE AS A CANDLE IN THE
DARK) UM MUNDO INFESTADO DE DEMÓNIOS - Edições Gradiva -
1997 - Portugal

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